Parvovirus B19, also known as human parvovirus (not to be confused with parvo in dogs), is highly transmissible, causing symptomatic or asymptomatic infection, per the CDC. So far, high-risk populations include children and people who work in close contact with them (like teachers and day care workers).
Here’s what to know about the virus and how you can protect yourself.
What is parvovirus B19?
Parvovirus B19 is a respiratory virus that infects humans, sometimes referred to as fifth disease, per the CDC. Because the virus spreads through respiratory droplets, this means that when an infected person coughs or sneezes, the virus can be transmitted in the air. Close-contact environments like schools, day care centers, and households are common places where the virus can spread. In other words, it’s tough to avoid for families with school-aged kids.
Those with the virus may have the hallmark “slapped cheek” rash. That is, red cheeks on light skin or dark red or purple cheeks on dark skin. But other symptoms can look a lot like a typical cold: Fever, coughing, headache, sore throat, and joint pain, per the CDC. It’s also possible for people with the virus to have no symptoms at all—which makes it difficult to detect.
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Who’s most at risk
Young children
Children are at a higher risk of contracting parvovirus B19, particularly those in schools, day care settings, or other close-quarter environments, Debbie-Ann Shirley, MD, MPH, a clinical associate professor in the department of pediatrics at the University of Florida College of Medicine, tells Well+Good.
“Children are at risk because their immune systems are more vulnerable. Since they’re interacting with other kids in close spaces, there’s a higher chance for the virus to spread,” Dr. Shirley says.
Pregnant people
While most adults have immunity from prior exposure, those who aren’t immune may contract the virus during pregnancy, leading to potential complications for the developing fetus, according to Dr. Shirley.
“If a pregnant woman becomes infected, there’s a small risk of the virus crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus. This can lead to fetal anemia, which in severe cases might cause miscarriage or a condition known as hydrops fetalis, where the fetus develops abnormal fluid accumulation,” Dr. Shirley says.
However, according to CDC data, the majority of pregnancies where the mother is infected have not resulted in complications.
Immunocompromised people
Like most other viruses, parvovirus poses a greater risk to those with weakened immune systems or those with certain blood disorders, such as sickle cell disease, where it can cause severe anemia.
“People with compromised immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, individuals with HIV, or organ transplant recipients, are also more susceptible to parvovirus,” Dr. Shirley explains. “Their weakened immune systems may struggle to fight off the infection, leading to prolonged illness or more severe symptoms.”
A weakened immune system means the body is less capable of controlling the virus, allowing it to persist longer than it would in a healthy individual. This can result in chronic anemia or other complications, making management and treatment more challenging.
How to protect yourself and your kids
You know the drill: Protecting yourself and your family often means taking the same tried and tested precautions that you do every cold and flu season.
Practice good hygiene
You’ve heard it before and we’ll say it again: Wash your hands. Because the virus spreads through respiratory droplets, it can easily be transferred to surfaces or your hands, Dr. Shirley says.
Clean your hands—and your kids’ hands—regularly with soap and water, especially after coughing, sneezing, using the bathroom, being outside, or touching dirty surfaces. If soap and water aren’t available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
Avoid close contact with infected people
Because parvovirus is easily transmitted from person to person, avoiding close contact with someone who is infected can help prevent the spread of the virus. This is particularly important if someone in your household is sick.
“If your child or a family member has been diagnosed with parvovirus, try to limit their contact with others until they’re no longer contagious. In schools or day care centers, be aware of any outbreaks and consider keeping your child at home if there are reports of it circulating,” Dr. Shirley says.
Shore up your immune system
A healthy immune system is your best defense against infections, including parvovirus. While you can’t always prevent exposure to the virus, keeping your immune system strong can help your body fight off the infection more effectively. Ways to support immunity include:
- Ensure your family is eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and other nutrients that support immune health.
- Encourage regular physical activity, which helps boost the immune system.
- Make sure everyone in the family is getting enough sleep—rest is crucial for maintaining a strong immune response.
Speak up and ask your school questions
Although it might feel awkward—and nobody wants to be “that parent”—this your permission to ask about the policies for managing illnesses at your child’s school or day care center.
“If there’s an outbreak, consider speaking with the school administration about the measures they’re taking to prevent further spread, and stay updated on any signs of illness in your child’s classmates and keep an eye on your child for any early symptoms of infection,” Dr. Shirley says.
When to see a doctor
If you or your child are at higher risk for complications from parvovirus, it’s important to consult with your primary care doctor for advice on additional precautions you can take.
Seek professional health advice if there’s a known exposure and someone in your household is at high risk. You should also stay alert if you or your child develop symptoms of parvovirus, such as a red rash, joint pain, or flu-like symptoms. For pregnant people with concerns about the risk of parvovirus, your doctor can offer guidance and help with monitoring.
