Bravo-F, P. & Uribe, E. G. Temperature dependence of the concentration kinetics of absorption of phosphate and potassium in corn roots. Plant Physiol. 67, 815–819 (1981).
Lambers, H. Phosphorus acquisition and utilization in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 20, 17–42 (2022).
Yang, Z. et al. Genetic and molecular exploration of maize environmental stress resilience: toward sustainable agriculture. Mol. Plant 16, 1496–1517 (2023).
Doebley, J. The genetics of maize evolution. Annu. Rev. Genet. 38, 37–59 (2004).
Ramirez-Cabral, N. Y. Z., Kumar, L. & Shabani, F. Global alterations in areas of suitability for maize production from climate change and using a mechanistic species distribution model (CLIMEX). Sci. Rep. 7, 5910 (2017).
Nie, Y. et al. Innovations and stepwise evolution of CBFs/DREB1s and their regulatory networks in angiosperms. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 64, 2111–2125 (2022).
Zeng, R. et al. A natural variant of COOL1 gene enhances cold tolerance for high-latitude adaptation in maize. Cell 188, 1315–1329 (2025).
Xu, C. et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying low temperature inhibition of grain filling in maize (Zea mays L.): coordination of growth and cold responses. Plant J. 119, 982–997 (2024).
Zhang, H., Zhao, Y. & Zhu, J. K. Thriving under stress: how plants balance growth and the stress response. Dev. Cell 55, 529–543 (2020).
Raghothama, K. G. Phosphate acquisition. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50, 665–693 (1999).
Zhao, Y., Li, Y. & Yang, F. Critical review on soil phosphorus migration and transformation under freezing–thawing cycles and typical regulatory measurements. Sci. Total Environ. 10, 141614 (2021).
Langhans, C., Beusen, A. H. W., Mogollón, J. M. & Bouwman, A. F. Phosphorus for sustainable development goal target of doubling smallholder productivity. Nat. Sustain. 5, 57–63 (2022).
López-Arredondo, D. L., Leyva-González, M. A., González-Morales, S. I., López-Bucio, J. & Herrera-Estrella, L. Phosphate nutrition: improving low-phosphate tolerance in crops. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 65, 95–123 (2014).
Vance, C. P., Uhde-Stone, C. & Allan, D. L. Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytol. 157, 423–447 (2003).
Zou, T., Zhang, X. & Davidson, E. A. Global trends of cropland phosphorus use and sustainability challenges. Nature 611, 81–87 (2022).
Oldroyd, G. E. D. & Leyser, O. A plant’s diet, surviving in a variable nutrient environment. Science 368, eaba0196 (2020).
Yang, S.-Y., Lin, W.-Y., Hsiao, Y.-M. & Chiou, T.-J. Milestones in understanding transport, sensing, and signaling of the plant nutrient phosphorus. Plant Cell 36, 1504–1523 (2024).
Dong, J. et al. Inositol pyrophosphate InsP8 acts as an intracellular phosphate signal in Arabidopsis. Mol. Plant 12, 1463–1473 (2019).
Wild, R. et al. Control of eukaryotic phosphate homeostasis by inositol polyphosphate sensor domains. Science 352, 986–990 (2016).
Guo, R. et al. Phosphate-dependent regulation of vacuolar trafficking of OsSPX-MFSs is critical for maintaining intracellular phosphate homeostasis in rice. Mol. Plant 16, 1304–1320 (2023).
Ma, B. et al. A plasma membrane transporter coordinates phosphate reallocation and grain filling in cereals. Nat. Genet. 53, 906–915 (2021).
Paz-Ares, J. et al. Plant adaptation to low phosphorus availability: core signaling, crosstalks, and applied implications. Mol. Plant 15, 104–124 (2022).
Wang, Z. et al. Rice SPX1 and SPX2 inhibit phosphate starvation responses through interacting with PHR2 in a phosphate-dependent manner. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 14953–14958 (2014).
Secco, D. et al. The emerging importance of the SPX domain-containing proteins in phosphate homeostasis. New Phytol. 193, 842–851 (2012).
Lin, W. Y., Huang, T. K. & Chiou, T. J. Nitrogen limitation adaptation, a target of microRNA827, mediates degradation of plasma membrane-localized phosphate transporters to maintain phosphate homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 25, 4061–4074 (2013).
Peng, M., Hannam, C., Gu, H., Bi, Y. M. & Rothstein, S. J. A mutation in NLA, which encodes a RING-type ubiquitin ligase, disrupts the adaptability of Arabidopsis to nitrogen limitation. Plant J. 50, 320–337 (2007).
Hu, Y., Jiang, L., Wang, F. & Yu, D. Jasmonate regulates the INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION-C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR/DRE BINDING FACTOR1 cascade and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 25, 2907–2924 (2013).
Mao, D. et al. Natural variation in the HAN1 gene confers chilling tolerance in rice and allowed adaptation to a temperate climate. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 116, 3494–3501 (2019).
Zhang, L. et al. A TaSnRK1α modulates TaPAP6L-mediated wheat cold tolerance through regulating endogenous jasmonic acid. Adv. Sci. 10, e2303478 (2023).
Li, M. Y., Yu, G. H., Cao, C. L. & Liu, P. Metabolism, signaling, and transport of jasmonates. Plant Commun. 2, 100231 (2021).
Ma, C. et al. ZmMYC2s play important roles in maize responses to simulated herbivory and jasmonate. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 65, 1041–1058 (2023).
Thines, B. et al. JAZ repressor proteins are targets of the SCFCOI1 complex during jasmonate signalling. Nature 448, 661–665 (2007).
Zhang, F. et al. Structural basis of JAZ repression of MYC transcription factors in jasmonate signalling. Nature 525, 269–273 (2015).
Yoshida, Y. et al. A comprehensive method for detecting ubiquitinated substrates using TR-TUBE. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 4630–4635 (2015).
Swatek, K. N. & Komander, D. Ubiquitin modifications. Cell Res. 26, 399–422 (2016).
Park, B. S., Seo, J. S. & Chua, N. H. NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTATION recruits PHOSPHATE2 to target the phosphate transporter PT2 for degradation during the regulation of Arabidopsis phosphate homeostasis. Plant Cell 26, 454–464 (2014).
Guan, Z. et al. Mechanistic insights into the regulation of plant phosphate homeostasis by the rice SPX2–PHR2 complex. Nat. Commun. 13, 1581 (2022).
Jia, X., Wang, L., Nussaume, L. & Yi, K. Cracking the code of plant central phosphate signaling. Trends Plant Sci. 28, 267–270 (2023).
Jumper, J. et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature 596, 583–589 (2021).
Brocidiacono, M., Popov, K. I., Koes, D. R. & Tropsha, A. PLANTAIN: diffusion-inspired pose score minimization for fast and accurate molecular docking. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.12090 (2023).
Zhou, J. et al. Mechanism of phosphate sensing and signaling revealed by rice SPX1–PHR2 complex structure. Nat. Commun. 12, 7040 (2021).
Hu, B. et al. Nitrate–NRT1.1B–SPX4 cascade integrates nitrogen and phosphorus signalling networks in plants. Nat. Plants 5, 401–413 (2019).
Ruan, W. et al. Two RING-finger ubiquitin E3 ligases regulate the degradation of SPX4, an internal phosphate sensor, for phosphate homeostasis and signaling in rice. Mol. Plant 12, 1060–1074 (2019).
Osorio, M. B. et al. SPX4 acts on PHR1-dependent and -independent regulation of shoot phosphorus status in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 181, 332–352 (2019).
Ried, M. K. et al. Inositol pyrophosphates promote the interaction of SPX domains with the coiled-coil motif of PHR transcription factors to regulate plant phosphate homeostasis. Nat. Commun. 12, 384 (2021).
Park, S. H., Jeong, J. S., Huang, C. H., Park, B. S. & Chua, N. H. Inositol polyphosphates-regulated polyubiquitination of PHR1 by NLA E3 ligase during phosphate starvation response in Arabidopsis. New Phytol. 237, 1215–1228 (2023).
Calfee, E. et al. Selective sorting of ancestral introgression in maize and teosinte along an elevational cline. PLoS Genet. 17, e1009810 (2021).
Wang, L. et al. The interplay of demography and selection during maize domestication and expansion. Genome Biol. 18, 215 (2017).
Yang, N. et al. Two teosintes made modern maize. Science 382, eadg8940 (2023).
Tian, J. et al. Teosinte ligule allele narrows plant architecture and enhances high-density maize yields. Science 365, 658–664 (2019).
Xing, H. L. et al. A CRISPR/Cas9 toolkit for multiplex genome editing in plants. BMC Plant Biol. 14, 327 (2014).
Yang, X. et al. Characterization of a global germplasm collection and its potential utilization for analysis of complex quantitative traits in maize. Mol. Breed. 28, 511–526 (2011).
Guo, L. et al. Stepwise regulatory changes in maize contribute to maize flowering-time adaptation. Curr. Biol. 28, 3005–3015 (2018).
Chen, S. B., Songkumarn, P., Liu, J. L. & Wang, G. L. A versatile zero background T-vector system for gene cloning and functional genomics. Plant Physiol. 150, 1111–1121 (2009).
Schindelin, J. et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 676–682 (2012).
Pulliainen, K. & Wallin, H. C. Determination of total phosphorus in foods by colorimetric measurement of phosphorus as molybdenum blue after dry-ashing: NMKL interlaboratory study. J. AOAC Int. 77, 1557–1561 (1994).
Wang, F. et al. Maize ZmPT7 regulates Pi uptake and redistribution which is modulated by phosphorylation. Plant Biotechnol. J. 18, 2406–2419 (2020).
Wisniewski, J. R., Zougman, A., Nagaraj, N. & Mann, M. Universal sample preparation method for proteome analysis. Nat. Methods 6, 359–U360 (2009).
Zhao, X. Y. et al. CKL2 mediates the crosstalk between abscisic acid and brassinosteroid signaling to promote swift growth recovery after stress in. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 65, 64–81 (2023).
Huang, D. W., Sherman, B. T. & Lempicki, R. A. Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat. Protoc. 4, 44–57 (2009).
Chen, C. et al. TBtools: an integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data. Mol. Plant 13, 1194–1202 (2020).
Shannon, P. et al. Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 13, 2498–2504 (2003).
Merico, D., Isserlin, R., Stueker, O., Emili, A. & Bader, G. D. Enrichment map: a network-based method for gene-set enrichment visualization and interpretation. PLoS ONE 5, e13984 (2010).
Wang, X. et al. PUB25 and PUB26 dynamically modulate ICE1 stability via differential ubiquitination during cold stress in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 35, 3585–3603 (2023).
Wang, X. et al. Strigolactones promote plant freezing tolerance by releasing the WRKY41-mediated inhibition of CBF/DREB1 expression. EMBO J. 42, e112999 (2023).
Chen, L. et al. Genome sequencing reveals evidence of adaptive variation in the genus Zea. Nat. Genet. 54, 1736–1745 (2022).
Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559–575 (2007).
Bradbury, P. J. et al. TASSEL: software for association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples. Bioinformatics 23, 2633–2635 (2007).
Dong, S. S. et al. LDBlockShow: a fast and convenient tool for visualizing linkage disequilibrium and haplotype blocks based on variant call format files. Brief. Bioinform. 22, bbaa227 (2021).
Tamura, K. et al. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28, 2731–2739 (2011).
Xiao, Y. B., Ng, S., Nam, K. H. & Ke, A. L. How type II CRISPR–Cas establish immunity through Cas1–Cas2-mediated spacer integration. Nature 550, 137–141 (2017).
Liu, L. et al. Extracellular pH sensing by plant cell-surface peptide–receptor complexes. Cell 185, 3341–3355 (2022).
Janson, G. & Paiardini, A. PyMod 3: a complete suite for structural bioinformatics in PyMOL. Bioinformatics 37, 1471–1472 (2021).
Duan, S., Zhang, W., Cox, N. J. & Dolan, M. E. FstSNP-HapMap3: a database of SNPs with high population differentiation for HapMap3. Bioinformation 3, 139–141 (2008).
Chen, Y. et al. Transformation of soil accumulated phosphorus and its driving factors across chinese cropping systems. Agronomy 13, 949 (2023).
Ma, J. et al. The long-term soil phosphorus balance across Chinese arable land. Soil Use Manag. 34, 306–315 (2018).

