Yu, P., Cheuk, L. W., Kozyryev, I. & Doyle, J. M. A scalable quantum computing platform using symmetric-top molecules. New J. Phys. 21, 093049 (2019).
Wall, M. L., Maeda, K. & Carr, L. D. Simulating quantum magnets with symmetric top molecules. Ann. Phys. 525, 845–865 (2013).
Wall, M. L., Maeda, K. & Carr, L. D. Realizing unconventional quantum magnetism with symmetric top molecules. New J. Phys. 17, 025001 (2015).
Wall, M. L., Hazzard, K. R. A. & Rey, A. M. in From Atomic to Mesoscale: The Role of Quantum Coherence in Systems of Various Complexities 3–37 (World Scientific, 2015).
Kozyryev, I. & Hutzler, N. R. Precision measurement of time-reversal symmetry violation with laser-cooled polyatomic molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 133002 (2017).
Norrgard, E. et al. Nuclear-spin dependent parity violation in optically trapped polyatomic molecules. Commun. Phys. 2, 77 (2019).
Hutzler, N. R. Polyatomic molecules as quantum sensors for fundamental physics. Quantum Sci. Technol. 5, 044011 (2020).
Kozyryev, I., Lasner, Z. & Doyle, J. M. Enhanced sensitivity to ultralight bosonic dark matter in the spectra of the linear radical SrOH. Phys. Rev. A 103, 043313 (2021).
DeMille, D., Hutzler, N. R., Rey, A. M. & Zelevinsky, T. Quantum sensing and metrology for fundamental physics with molecules. Nat. Phys. 20, 741–749 (2024).
Hallas, C. et al. Optical trapping of a polyatomic molecule in an ℓ-type parity doublet state. Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 153202 (2023).
Vilas, N. B. et al. Blackbody thermalization and vibrational lifetimes of trapped polyatomic molecules. Phys. Rev. A 107, 062802 (2023).
Micheli, A., Brennen, G. K. & Zoller, P. A toolbox for lattice-spin models with polar molecules. Nat. Phys. 2, 341–347 (2006).
DeMille, D. Quantum computation with trapped polar molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 067901 (2002).
Tesch, C. M. & de Vivie-Riedle, R. Quantum computation with vibrationally excited molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 157901 (2002).
Wei, Q., Kais, S., Friedrich, B. & Herschbach, D. Entanglement of polar symmetric top molecules as candidate qubits. J. Chem. Phys. 135, 154102 (2011).
Barry, J. F., McCarron, D. J., Norrgard, E. B., Steinecker, M. H. & DeMille, D. Magneto-optical trapping of a diatomic molecule. Nature 512, 286–289 (2014).
Anderegg, L. et al. Radio frequency magneto-optical trapping of CaF with high density. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 103201 (2017).
Truppe, S. et al. Molecules cooled below the Doppler limit. Nat. Phys. 13, 1173–1176 (2017).
Collopy, A. L. et al. 3-D magneto-optical trap of yttrium monoxide. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 213201 (2018).
Zeng, Z., Deng, S., Yang, S. & Yan, B. Three-dimensional magneto-optical trapping of barium monofluoride. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 143404 (2024).
Ni, K.-K. et al. A high phase-space-density gas of polar molecules. Science 322, 231–235 (2008).
Chen, X.-Y. et al. Ultracold field-linked tetratomic molecules. Nature 626, 283–287 (2024).
Anderegg, L. et al. An optical tweezer array of ultracold molecules. Science 365, 1156–1158 (2019).
Cairncross, W. B. et al. Assembly of a rovibrational ground state molecule in an optical tweezer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 123402 (2021).
Zhang, J. T. et al. An optical tweezer array of ground-state polar molecules. Quantum Sci. Technol. 7, 035006 (2022).
Ruttley, D. K. et al. Formation of ultracold molecules by merging optical tweezers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 223401 (2023).
Holland, C. M., Lu, Y. & Cheuk, L. W. Bichromatic imaging of single molecules in an optical tweezer array. Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 053202 (2023).
Park, J. W., Yan, Z. Z., Loh, H., Will, S. A. & Zwierlein, M. W. Second-scale nuclear spin coherence time of ultracold 23Na40K molecules. Science 357, 372–375 (2017).
Burchesky, S. et al. Rotational coherence times of polar molecules in optical tweezers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 123202 (2021).
Holland, C. M., Lu, Y. & Cheuk, L. W. On-demand entanglement of molecules in a reconfigurable optical tweezer array. Science 382, 1143–1147 (2023).
Bao, Y. et al. Dipolar spin-exchange and entanglement between molecules in an optical tweezer array. Science 382, 1138–1143 (2023).
Picard, L. R. B. et al. Entanglement and iSWAP gate between molecular qubits. Nature 637, 821–826 (2025).
Ruttley, D. K., Hepworth, T. R., Guttridge, A. & Cornish, S. L. Long-lived entanglement of molecules in magic-wavelength optical tweezers. Nature 637, 827–832 (2025).
Sawant, R. et al. Ultracold polar molecules as qudits. New J. Phys. 22, 013027 (2020).
Albert, V. V., Covey, J. P. & Preskill, J. Robust encoding of a qubit in a molecule. Phys. Rev. X 10, 031050 (2020).
Gregory, P. D., Blackmore, J. A., Bromley, S. L., Hutson, J. M. & Cornish, S. L. Robust storage qubits in ultracold polar molecules. Nat. Phys. 17, 1149–1153 (2021).
Park, A. J. et al. Extended rotational coherence of polar molecules in an elliptically polarized trap. Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 183401 (2023).
Gregory, P. D. et al. Second-scale rotational coherence and dipolar interactions in a gas of ultracold polar molecules. Nat. Phys. 20, 415–421 (2024).
Neyenhuis, B. et al. Anisotropic polarizability of ultracold polar 40K87Rb molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 230403 (2012).
Seeßelberg, F. et al. Extending rotational coherence of interacting polar molecules in a spin-decoupled magic trap. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 253401 (2018).
Blackmore, J. A. et al. Ultracold molecules for quantum simulation: rotational coherences in CaF and RbCs. Quantum Sci. Technol. 4, 014010 (2018).
Bause, R. et al. Tune-out and magic wavelengths for ground-state 23Na40K molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 023201 (2020).
Guan, Q., Cornish, S. L. & Kotochigova, S. Magic conditions for multiple rotational states of bialkali molecules in optical lattices. Phys. Rev. A 103, 043311 (2021).
Zhang, C., Yu, P., Jadbabaie, A. & Hutzler, N. R. Quantum-enhanced metrology for molecular symmetry violation using decoherence-free subspaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 193602 (2023).
Takahashi, Y., Zhang, C., Jadbabaie, A. & Hutzler, N. R. Engineering field-insensitive molecular clock transitions for symmetry violation searches. Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 183003 (2023).
Anderegg, L. et al. Quantum control of trapped polyatomic molecules for eEDM searches. Science 382, 665–668 (2023).
Takahashi, Y. et al. Engineered molecular clock transitions for symmetry violation searches. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.06787 (2025).
Augenbraun, B. L. et al. in Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (eds DiMauro, L. F. et al.), Vol. 72, Ch 2, 89–182 (Academic Press, 2023).
Zeppenfeld, M. et al. Sisyphus cooling of electrically trapped polyatomic molecules. Nature 491, 570–573 (2012).
Prehn, A., Ibrügger, M., Glöckner, R., Rempe, G. & Zeppenfeld, M. Optoelectrical cooling of polar molecules to submillikelvin temperatures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 063005 (2016).
Liu, Y. et al. Magnetic trapping of cold methyl radicals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 093201 (2017).
Sawaoka, H. et al. Optical trapping of SrOH molecules for dark matter and T-violation searches. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.01618 (2025).
Vilas, N. B. et al. An optical tweezer array of ultracold polyatomic molecules. Nature 628, 282–286 (2024).
Löw, M., Ibrügger, M., Rempe, G. & Zeppenfeld, M. Coherence of symmetry-protected rotational qubits in cold polyatomic molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 113402 (2025).
Hallas, C. et al. High compression blue-detuned magneto-optical trap of polyatomic molecules. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2404.03636 (2024).
Zhang, Z. et al. High optical access cryogenic system for Rydberg atom arrays with a 3000-second trap lifetime. PRX Quantum 6, 020337 (2025).
Arrowsmith-Kron, G. et al. Opportunities for fundamental physics research with radioactive molecules. Rep. Prog. Phys. 87, 084301 (2024).
Kozyryev, I., Baum, L., Matsuda, K. & Doyle, J. M. Proposal for laser cooling of complex polyatomic molecules. ChemPhysChem 17, 3641–3648 (2016).
Augenbraun, B. L., Doyle, J. M., Zelevinsky, T. & Kozyryev, I. Molecular asymmetry and optical cycling: laser cooling asymmetric top molecules. Phys. Rev. X 10, 031022 (2020).
Frenett, A., Lasner, Z., Cheng, L. & Doyle, J. M. Vibrational branching fractions for laser cooling of nonlinear strontium-containing molecules. Phys. Rev. A 110, 022811 (2024).
Vilas, N. B. et al. Magneto-optical trapping and sub-Doppler cooling of a polyatomic molecule. Nature 606, 70–74 (2022).
Vilas, N. B. Laser Cooling, Optical Trapping, and Quantum Control of Polyatomic Molecules. PhD thesis, Harvard Univ. (2025).
Vilas, N. B. et al. Quantum-state-controlled collisions of ultracold polyatomic molecules. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2404.03636 (2025).
Levine, H. J. Quantum Information Processing and Quantum Simulation with Programmable Rydberg Atom Arrays. PhD thesis, Harvard Univ. (2021).
Augenbraun, B. L. Methods for Direct Laser Cooling of Polyatomic Molecules. PhD thesis, Harvard Univ. (2021).
Coxon, J. A., Li, M. G. & Presunka, P. I. Laser spectroscopy of the (010)2Σ(+), 2Σ(−)-(000) 2Σ+ parallel bands in the \({\widetilde{A}}^{2}\Pi \)–\({\widetilde{X}}^{2}{\Sigma }^{+}\) system of CaOH. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 164, 118–128 (1994).
Li, M. High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy of the \({\widetilde{A}}^{2}\Pi \)– \({\widetilde{X}}^{2}{\Sigma }^{+}\) System of Calcium Hydroxyl and Calcium Hydroxyl-d Radicals:Analysis of Renner-Teller, Spin-Orbit, K-type Resonance and Fermi Resonance Interactions. PhD thesis, Dalhousie Univ. (1995).
Hougen, J. T. Rotational energy levels of a linear triatomic molecule in a 2Π electronic state. J. Chem. Phys. 36, 519–534 (1962).
Li, M. & Coxon, J. A. High-resolution analysis of the fundamental bending vibrations in the \({\widetilde{A}}^{2}\Pi \) and \({\widetilde{X}}^{2}{\Sigma }^{+}\) states of CaOH and CaOD: Deperturbation of Renner-Teller, spin-orbit and K-type resonance interactions. J. Chem. Phys. 102, 2663–2674 (1995).
Kuhr, S. et al. Analysis of dephasing mechanisms in a standing-wave dipole trap. Phys. Rev. A 72, 023406 (2005).
Tuchendler, C., Lance, A. M., Browaeys, A., Sortais, Y. R. P. & Grangier, P. Energy distribution and cooling of a single atom in an optical tweezer. Phys. Rev. A 78, 033425 (2008).

