Xiong, W. et al. Controllable p- and n-type behaviours in emissive perovskite semiconductors. Nature 633, 344–350 (2024).
Li, M. et al. Acceleration of radiative recombination for efficient perovskite LEDs. Nature 630, 631–635 (2024).
Peng, C. et al. Weakly space-confined all-inorganic perovskites for light-emitting diodes. Nature 643, 96–103 (2025).
Veldhuis, S. A. et al. Perovskite materials for light-emitting diodes and lasers. Adv. Mater. 28, 6804–6834 (2016).
Burschka, J. et al. Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells. Nature 499, 316–319 (2013).
Tan, Z. K. et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 687–692 (2014).
Xu, W. et al. Rational molecular passivation for high-performance perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photonics 13, 418–424 (2019).
Fang, Y., Dong, Q., Shao, Y., Yuan, Y. & Huang, J. Highly narrowband perovskite single-crystal photodetectors enabled by surface-charge recombination. Nat. Photonics 9, 679–686 (2015).
Liu, T. et al. High responsivity circular polarized light detectors based on quasi two-dimensional chiral perovskite films. ACS Nano 16, 2682–2689 (2022).
Elkhouly, K. et al. Electrically assisted amplified spontaneous emission in perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photonics 18, 132–138 (2024).
Zou, C. et al. Electrically driven lasing from a dual-cavity perovskite device. Nature 645, 369–374 (2025).
Zhao, X. et al. Operationally stable perovskite solar modules enabled by vapor-phase fluoride treatment. Science 385, 433–438 (2024).
Bracher, C., Freestone, B. G., Mohamad, D. K., Smith, J. A. & Lidzey, D. G. Degradation of inverted architecture CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite solar cells due to trapped moisture. Energy Sci. Eng. 6, 35–46 (2018).
Watanabe, T., Yamanari, T. & Marumoto, K. Deterioration mechanism of perovskite solar cells by operando observation of spin states. Commun. Mater. 1, 1–9 (2020).
Zohar, A. et al. In operando, photovoltaic, and microscopic evaluation of recombination centers in halide perovskite-based solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 34171–34179 (2021).
Ahmad, M. I. et al. Rapid thermal processing chamber for in-situ X-ray diffraction. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 13902 (2015).
Mundt, L. E. & Schelhas, L. T. Structural evolution during perovskite crystal formation and degradation: in situ and operando X-ray diffraction studies. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1903074 (2020).
Johannes, A. et al. In operando X-ray imaging of nanoscale devices: composition, valence, and internal electrical fields. Sci. Adv. 3, eaao4044 (2017).
Kosasih, F. U. & Ducati, C. Characterising degradation of perovskite solar cells through in-situ and operando electron microscopy. Nano Energy 47, 243–256 (2018).
Dellby, N. et al. Ultra-high resolution EELS analysis and STEM imaging at 20 keV. Microsc. Microanal. 29, 626–627 (2023).
Ishikawa, R. et al. High spatiotemporal resolution STEM imaging at high temperature. Microsc. Microanal. 30, 1397–1398 (2024).
Jeangros, Q. et al. In situ TEM analysis of organic–inorganic metal-halide perovskite solar cells under electrical bias. Nano Lett. 16, 7013–7018 (2016).
Joon Jung, H. et al. Stability of halide perovskite solar cell devices: in situ observation of oxygen diffusion under biasing. Adv. Mater. 30, 1802769 (2018).
Kim, M. C. et al. Imaging real-time amorphization of hybrid perovskite solar cells under electrical biasing. ACS Energy Lett. 6, 3530–3537 (2021).
Karlsson, M. et al. Mixed halide perovskites for spectrally stable and high-efficiency blue light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 12, 361 (2021).
Tyukalova, E. et al. Challenges and applications to operando and in situ TEM imaging and spectroscopic capabilities in a cryogenic temperature range. Acc. Chem. Res. 54, 3125–3135 (2021).
Tennyson, E. M., Doherty, T. A. S. & Stranks, S. D. Heterogeneity at multiple length scales in halide perovskite semiconductors. Nat. Rev. Mater. 4, 573–587 (2019).
Dommann, A. & Neels, A. The role of strain in new semiconductor devices. Adv. Eng. Mater. 11, 275–277 (2009).
Liang, Z. et al. Homogenizing out-of-plane cation composition in perovskite solar cells. Nature 624, 557–563 (2023).
Wu, D., Xie, H., Dai, X. & Wang, R. A novel method to fabricate micro-gratings applied for deformation measurement around a crack in a thin film. Meas. Sci. Technol. 25, 025012 (2014).
Liu, Z. et al. Synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotube–hydroxyapatite composites and its application in the sorption of Co(II) from aqueous solutions. J. Mol. Liq. 179, 46–53 (2013).
Zhang, H., Liu, Z., Wen, H., Xie, H. & Liu, C. Subset geometric phase analysis method for deformation evaluation of HRTEM images. Ultramicroscopy 171, 34–42 (2016).
Hÿtch, M. J., Snoeck, E. & Kilaas, R. Quantitative measurement of displacement and strain fields from HREM micrographs. Ultramicroscopy 74, 131–146 (1998).
Hÿtch, M. J. & Minor, A. M. Observing and measuring strain in nanostructures and devices with transmission electron microscopy. MRS Bull. 39, 138–146 (2014).
Shen, X. et al. Passivation strategies for mitigating defect challenges in halide perovskite light-emitting diodes. Joule 7, 272–308 (2023).
Liang, J. et al. Origins and influences of metallic lead in perovskite solar cells. Joule 6, 816–833 (2022).
Baumann, F., Raga, S. R. & Lira-Cantú, M. Monitoring the stability and degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells by in situ and operando characterization. APL Energy 1, 011501 (2023).
Jariwala, S. et al. Local crystal misorientation influences non-radiative recombination in halide perovskites. Joule 3, 3048–3060 (2019).
Ferrer Orri, J. et al. Unveiling the interaction mechanisms of electron and X-ray radiation with halide perovskite semiconductors using scanning nanoprobe diffraction. Adv. Mater. 34, 2200383 (2022).
Akkerman, Q. A., Rainò, G., Kovalenko, M. V. & Manna, L. Genesis, challenges and opportunities for colloidal lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. Nat. Mater. 17, 394–405 (2018).
Wang, H. et al. Impacts of the lattice strain on perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 2202185 (2023).
Orr, K. W. P. et al. Imaging light-induced migration of dislocations in halide perovskites with 3D nanoscale strain mapping. Adv. Mater. 35, 2305549 (2023).
Ji, K. et al. Self-supervised deep learning for tracking degradation of perovskite light-emitting diodes with multispectral imaging. Nat. Mach. Intell. 5, 1225–1235 (2023).
Li, X. et al. Chemical anti-corrosion strategy for stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Sci. Adv. 6, eabd1580 (2020).
Karlsson, M. et al. Role of chloride on the instability of blue emitting mixed-halide perovskites. Front. Optoelectron. 16, 37 (2023).
Vashishtha, P. & Halpert, J. E. Field-driven ion migration and color instability in red-emitting mixed halide perovskite nanocrystal light-emitting diodes. Chem. Mater. 29, 5965–5973 (2017).
Rong, Y. et al. Challenges for commercializing perovskite solar cells. Science 361, eaat8235 (2018).
Back, H. et al. Achieving long-term stable perovskite solar cells via ion neutralization. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 1258–1263 (2016).
Yang, S. J., Lee, Y. H., Tateno, K. & Dou, L. Elemental segregation and dimensional separation in halide perovskite light-emitting diodes. Prog. Quantum Electron. 98, 100537 (2024).
Chen, S. et al. Atomic scale insights into structure instability and decomposition pathway of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite. Nat. Commun. 9, 4807 (2018).
Savitzky, B. H. et al. py4DSTEM: a software package for four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy data analysis. Microsc. Microanal. 27, 712–743 (2021).
Bridger, A., David, W. I. F., Wood, T. J., Danaie, M. & Butler, K. T. Versatile domain mapping of scanning electron nanobeam diffraction datasets utilising variational autoencoders. NPJ Comput. Mater. 9, 14 (2023).
Thronsen, E. et al. Scanning precession electron diffraction data analysis approaches for phase mapping of precipitates in aluminium alloys. Ultramicroscopy 255, 113861 (2024).
de la Peña, F. et al. hyperspy/hyperspy: v2.4.0. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18379337 (2026).
