Friday, February 27, 2026
No menu items!
HomeNatureHydrofluorocarbon electrolytes for energy-dense and low-temperature batteries

Hydrofluorocarbon electrolytes for energy-dense and low-temperature batteries

  • Lu, D. et al. Ligand-channel-enabled ultrafast Li-ion conduction. Nature 627, 101–107 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fan, X. & Wang, C. High-voltage liquid electrolytes for Li batteries: progress and perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 50, 10486–10566 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jie, Y. et al. Towards long-life 500 Wh kg−1 lithium metal pouch cells via compact ion-pair aggregate electrolytes. Nat. Energy 9, 987–998 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shen, L. et al. Creating lithium-ion electrolytes with biomimetic ionic channels in metal–organic frameworks. Adv. Mater. 30, 1707476 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Song, X. et al. Practical lithium-sulfur batteries: beyond the conventional electrolyte concentration. ACS Energy Lett. 9, 5576–5586 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holoubek, J. et al. Tailoring electrolyte solvation for Li metal batteries cycled at ultra-low temperature. Nat. Energy 6, 303–313 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Piao, N. et al. Designing temperature-insensitive solvated electrolytes for low-temperature lithium metal batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146, 18281–18291 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shi, J. et al. An amphiphilic molecule-regulated core-shell-solvation electrolyte for Li-metal batteries at ultra-low temperature. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 135, e202218151 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen, Y. et al. Steric effect tuned solvation enabling stable cycling of high-voltage lithium metal battery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 18703–18713 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, J. et al. Lithium metal anodes with nonaqueous electrolytes. Chem. Rev. 120, 13312–13348 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xu, K. Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Chem. Rev. 104, 4303–4418 (2004).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yu, Z. et al. Rational solvent molecule tuning for high-performance lithium metal battery electrolytes. Nat. Energy 7, 94–106 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Amanchukwu, C. V. et al. A new class of ionically conducting fluorinated ether electrolytes with high electrochemical stability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 7393–7403 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ma, P. et al. Effect of building block connectivity and ion solvation on electrochemical stability and ionic conductivity in novel fluoroether electrolytes. ACS Cent. Sci. 7, 1232–1244 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, S. et al. Oscillatory solvation chemistry for a 500 Wh kg−1 Li metal pouch cell. Nat. Energy 9, 1285–1296 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yin, Y. et al. Fire-extinguishing, recyclable liquefied gas electrolytes for temperature-resilient lithium-metal batteries. Nat. Energy 7, 548–559 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wu, Z. et al. Deciphering and modulating energies of solvation structure of solvation structure enables aggressive high-voltage chemistry of Li metal batteries. Chem 9, 656–664 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rustomji, C. S. et al. Liquefied gas electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage devices. Science 356, eaal4263 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Staley, R. H. et al. Intrinsic acid-base properties of molecules. Binding energies of lithium(1+) ion to .pi.- and n-donor bases. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 5920–5921 (1975).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li, Z. et al. Non-polar ether-based electrolyte solutions for stable high-voltage non-aqueous lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 14, 868 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yang, S. et al. Regulating the electrochemical reduction kinetics by the steric hindrance effect for a robust Zn metal anode. Energy Environ. Sci. 17, 1095–1106 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Crabb, E. et al. Electrolyte dependence of Li+ transport mechanisms in small molecule solvents from classical molecular dynamics. J. Phys. Chem. B 128, 3427–3441 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Son, C. Y. et al. Ion transport in small-molecule and polymer electrolytes. J. Chem. Phys. 153, 100903 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Efaw, C. M. et al. Localized high-concentration electrolytes get more localized through micelle-like structures. Nat. Mater. 22, 1531–1539 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cao, X. et al. Optimization of fluorinated orthoformate based electrolytes for practical high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 34, 76–84 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Park, E. et al. Exploiting the steric effect and low dielectric constant of 1,2-dimethoxypropane for 4.3 V lithium metal batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 179–188 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, G. et al. A monofluoride ether-based electrolyte solution for fast-charging and low temperature non-aqueous lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 14, 1081 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xu, J. et al. Revealing the anion–solvent interaction for ultralow temperature lithium metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 36, 2306462 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li, T. et al. Stable anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 133, 22865–22869 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wu, Q. et al. Effect of the electric double layer (EDL) in multicomponent electrolyte reduction and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in lithium batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145, 2473–2484 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kim, S. C. et al. Potentiometric measurement to probe solvation energy and its correlation to lithium battery cyclability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 10301–10308 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tang, T. Long-lifespan 522 Wh kg−1 lithium metal pouch cell enabled by compound additives engineering. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64, e202417471 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Qiao, R. et al. Non-fluorinated electrolytes with micelle-like solvation for ultra-high-energy density lithium metal batteries. Chem 11, 102306 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ji, H. et al. Liquid–liquid interfacial tension stabilized Li-metal batteries. Nature 643, 1255–1262 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Troup, R. I. et al. Skipped fluorination motifs, synthesis of building blocks and comparison of lipophilicity trends with vicinal and isolated fluorinated motifs. J. Org. Chem. 86, 1882–1900 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Frisch, M. et al. Gaussian 16 Rev. C.01. Gaussian Inc. (2016).

  • Weigend, F. et al. Balanced basis sets of split valence, triple zeta valence and quadruple zeta valence quality for H to Rn: design and assessment of accuracy. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 7, 3297–3305 (2005).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kresse, G. et al. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169–11186 (1996).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Perdew, J. P. et al. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865–3868 (1996).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Berendsen, H. J. C. et al. GROMACS: a message-passing parallel molecular dynamics implementation. Comput. Phys. Commun. 91, 43–56 (1995).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, J. et al. Development and testing of a general amber force field. J. Comput. Chem. 25, 1157–1174 (2004).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Singh, U. C. et al. An approach to computing electrostatic charges for molecules. J. Comput. Chem. 5, 129–145 (1984).

    Article 
    ADS 
    MathSciNet 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ravikumar, B. et al. Molecular dynamics investigation of electric field altered behavior of lithium ion battery electrolytes. J. Mol. Liq. 300, 112252 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kühne, T. D. et al. CP2K: an electronic structure and molecular dynamics software package – Quickstep: efficient and accurate electronic structure calculations. J. Chem. Phys. 152, 194103 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • RELATED ARTICLES

    Most Popular

    Recent Comments