Raven, T. J., Barrett, P. M., Joyce, C. B. & Maidment, S. C. R. The phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the armoured dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora). J. Syst. Palaeontol. 21, 2205433 (2023).
Arbour, V. M. & Currie, P. J. Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 14, 385–444 (2016).
Maidment, S. C. R. et al. Bizarre dermal armour suggests the first African ankylosaur. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5, 1576–1581 (2021).
Arbour, V. M. & Currie, P. J. Ankylosaurid dinosaur tail clubs evolved through stepwise acquisition of key features. J. Anat. 227, 514–523 (2015).
Galton, P. M. Armoured dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of England. Geobios 13, 825–837 (1980).
Bestwick, J., Pond, S., Oliver, C. L., Nunn, M. & Smith, A. S. A new ankylosaurian osteoderm from the Middle Jurassic Oxford Clay Formation, United Kingdom. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc. 65, pygs2023-011 (2024).
Wills, S., Underwood, C. J. & Barrett, P. M. A hidden diversity of ornithischian dinosaurs: U.K. Middle Jurassic microvertebrate faunas shed light on a poorly represented period. J. Vert. Paleontol. 43, e2323646 (2023).
Salgado, L. & Gasparini, Z. Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica). Geodiversitas 28, 119–135 (2006).
Soto Acuña, S., Vargas, A. O. & Kaluza, J. E. A new look at the first dinosaur discovered in Antarctica: reappraisal of Antarctopelta oliveroi (Ankylosauria: Parankylosauria). Adv. Polar Sci. 35, 78–107 (2024).
Leahey, L. G., Molnar, R. E., Carpenter, K., Witmer, L. M. & Salisbury, S. W. Cranial osteology of the ankylosaurian dinosaur formerly known as Minmi sp. (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Lower Cretaceous Allaru Mudstone of Richmond, Queensland, Australia. PeerJ 3, e1475 (2015).
Soto-Acuña, S. et al. Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile. Nature 600, 259–263 (2021).
Riguetti, F. J. et al. A new small-bodied ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of north Patagonia (Río Negro Province, Argentina). J. Syst. Palaeontol. 20, 2137441 (2022).
Arbour, V. M., Burns, M. E. & Sissons, R. L. A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) and a revision of the genus. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 29, 1117–1135 (2009).
Arbour, V. M. & Evans, D. C. A new ankylosaurine from the Judith River Formation of Montana, USA, based on an exceptional specimen with soft tissue preservation. R. Soc. Open Sci. 4, 161086 (2017).
Maidment, S. C. R., Norman, D. B., Barrett, P. M. & Upchurch, P. Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). J. Syst. Palaeontol. 6, 367–407 (2008).
Burns, M. E., Tumanova, T. A. & Currie, P. J. Postcrania of juvenile Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Alagteeg Formation, Aleg Teeg, Mongolia: implications for ontogenetic allometry in ankylosaurs. J. Paleontol. 89, 168–182 (2015).
Garcia, G. & Pereda Suberbiola, X. A new species of Struthiosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Villeveyrac (southern France). J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 23, 156–165 (2003).
Kinneer, B., Carpenter, K. & Shaw, A. Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae) and description of a new species. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 282, 37–80 (2016).
Raven, T. J., Barrett, P. M., Pond, S. B. & Maidment, S. C. R. Osteology and taxonomy of British Wealden supergroup (Berriasian–Aptian) ankylosaurs (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria). J. Vert. Paleontol. 40, e1826956 (2020).
Pereda Suberbiola, X. & Barrett, P. M. A systematic review of ankylosaurian dinosaur remains from the Albian–Cenomanian of England. Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 60, 177–208 (1999).
Kirkland, J. I. & Carpenter, K. North America’s first pre-Cretaceous ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado. BYU Geol. Stud. 40, 25–42 (1994).
Kirkland, J. I. A polacanthine ankylosaur (Ornithischia: Dinosauria) from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of eastern Utah. Bull. N. M. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. 14, 271–281 (1998).
Pond, S. et al. Vectipelta barretti, a new ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, UK. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 21, 2210577 (2023).
Molnar, R. E. Preliminary report on a new ankylosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 39, 653–668 (1996).
Arbour, V. M., Burns, M. E. & Currie, P. J. A review of pelvic shield morphology in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). J. Paleontol. 85, 298–302 (2011).
Burns, M. E. & Currie, P. J. External and internal structure of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms and their systematic relevance. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 34, 835–851 (2014).
Arbour, V. M. & Mallon, J. C. Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris. FACETS 2, 764–794 (2017).
Carpenter, K. & Kirkland, J. I. Review of Lower and Middle Cretaceous ankylosaurs from North America. N. M. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 14, 249–270 (1998).
Carpenter, K. Skeletal reconstruction and life restoration of Sauropelta (Ankylosauria: Nodosauridae) from the Cretaceous of North America. Can. J. Earth Sci. 21, 1491–1498 (1984).
Ősi, A., Botfalvai, G., Albert, G. & Hajdu, Z. The dirty dozen: taxonomical and taphonomical overview of a unique ankylosaurian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) assemblage from the Santonian Ihurkút locality, Hungary. Palaeobiodivers. Palaeoenviron. 99, 195–240 (2019).
Kilbourne, B. & Carpenter, K. Redescription of Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum, a polcanthid ankylosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Albany County, Wyoming. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 237, 111–160 (2005).
Yao, X., Barrett, P. M., Yang, L., Xu, X. & Bi, S. A new early-branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China. eLife 11, e75248 (2022).
Goloboff, P. A. & Catalano, S. A. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32, 221–238 (2016).
Pol, D. & Escapa, I. H. Unstable taxa in cladistic analysis: identification and the assessment of relevant characters. Cladistics 25, 515–527 (2009).
Goloboff, P. A. Extended implied weighting. Cladistics 30, 260–272 (2014).
Thompson, R. S., Parish, J. C., Maidment, S. C. R. & Barrett, P. M. Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora). J. Syst. Palaeontol. 10, 301–312 (2012).
Emlen, D. J. The evolution of animal weapons. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 39, 387–413 (2008).
Somjee, U., Woods, H. A., Duell, M. & Miller, C. W. The hidden cost of sexually selected traits: the metabolic expense of maintaining a sexually selected weapon. Proc. R. Soc. B 285, 20181685 (2018).
Hone, D. W. E., Naish, D. & Cuthill, I. Does mutual sexual selection explain the evolution of head crests in pterosaurs and dinosaurs? Lethaia 45, 139–156 (2011).
Gates, T. A., Organ, C. & Zanno, L. E. Bony cranial ornamentaton linked to rapid evolution of gigantic theropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 7, 12931 (2016).
Knapp, A., Knell, R. J. & Hone, D. W. E. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the skull of Protoceratops andrewsi supports a socio-sexual signalling role for the ceratopsian frill. Proc. R. Soc. B 288, 20202938 (2021).
Bois, J. & Mullin, S. J. Dinosaur nest ecology and predation during the Late Cretaceous: was there a relationship between Upper Cretaceous extinction and nesting behaviour? Hist. Biol. 29, 976–986 (2017).
Brown, C. M. et al. An exceptionally preserved three-dimensional armored dinosaur reveals insights into coloration and Cretaceous predator-prey dynamics. Curr. Biol. 27, 2514–2541 (2017).
Brown, C. M., Currie, P. J. & Therrien, F. Intraspecific facial bite marks in tyrannosaurids provide insight into sexual maturity and evolution of bird-like intersexual display. Paleobiology 48, 12–43 (2022).
Maidment, S. C. R., Raven, T. J., Ouarhache, D. & Barrett, P. M. North Africa’s first stegosaur: implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity. Gondwana Res. 77, 82–97 (2020).
R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing www.R-project.org/ (2023).
Lloyd, G. T. Estimating morphological diversity and tempo with discrete character-taxon matrices: implementation, challenges progress and future directions. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 118, 131–151 (2016).
Maddison, W. P. & Maddison, D. R. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Mesquite www.mesquiteproject.org (2023).
Bapst, D. W. Paleotree: an R package for palaeontological and phylogenetic analyses of evolution. Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 803–807 (2012).
Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L. & Fan, J.-X. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36, 199–204 (2013).