Vikhlinin, A. A., Kravtsov, A. V., Markevich, M. L., Sunyaev, R. A. & Churazov, E. M. Clusters of galaxies. Phys. Usp. 57, 317–341 (2014).
Fabian, A. C. Observational evidence of active galactic nuclei feedback. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50, 455–489 (2012).
Kravtsov, A. V. & Borgani, S. Formation of galaxy clusters. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50, 353–409 (2012).
Simionescu, A. et al. Constraining gas motions in the intra-cluster medium. Space Sci. Rev. 215, 24 (2019).
Tashiro, M. et al. Status of X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM). In Proc. SPIE 11444, 1144422 (2020).
Hitomi Collaboration The quiescent intracluster medium in the core of the Perseus cluster. Nature 535, 117–121 (2016).
Hitomi Collaboration Atmospheric gas dynamics in the Perseus cluster observed with Hitomi. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 70, 9 (2018).
Forman, W., Kellogg, E., Gursky, H., Tananbaum, H. & Giacconi, R. Observations of the extended X-ray sources in the Perseus and Coma clusters from UHURU. Astrophys. J. 178, 309–316 (1972).
Conselice, C. J., Gallagher III, J. S. & Wyse, R. F. On the nature of the NGC 1275 system. Astron. J. 122, 2281–2300 (2001).
Fabian, A. C. et al. A deep Chandra observation of the Perseus cluster: shocks and ripples. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 344, L43–L47 (2003).
Churazov, E., Forman, W., Jones, C. & Böhringer, H. XMM-Newton observations of the Perseus cluster. I. The temperature and surface brightness structure. Astrophys. J. 590, 225–237 (2003).
Urban, O. et al. Azimuthally resolved X-ray spectroscopy to the edge of the Perseus cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 437, 3939–3961 (2014).
van Weeren, R. J. et al. LOFAR high-band antenna observations of the Perseus cluster: the discovery of a giant radio halo. Astron. Astrophys. 692, A12 (2024).
Boehringer, H., Voges, W., Fabian, A. C., Edge, A. C. & Neumann, D. M. A ROSAT HRI study of the interaction of the X-ray emitting gas and radio lobes of NGC 1275. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 264, L25–L28 (1993).
Churazov, E., Forman, W., Jones, C. & Böhringer, H. Asymmetric, arc minute scale structures around NGC 1275. Astron. Astrophys. 356, 788–794 (2000).
Zhuravleva, I. et al. Turbulent heating in galaxy clusters brightest in X-rays. Nature 515, 85–87 (2014).
Zhang, C., Churazov, E. & Schekochihin, A. A. Generation of internal waves by buoyant bubbles in galaxy clusters and heating of intracluster medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 478, 4785–4798 (2018).
Zhang, C. et al. Bubble-driven gas uplift in galaxy clusters and its velocity features. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 517, 616–631 (2022).
Simionescu, A. et al. Large-scale motions in the Perseus galaxy cluster. Astrophys. J. 757, 182 (2012).
Walker, S. A., ZuHone, J., Fabian, A. & Sanders, J. The split in the ancient cold front in the Perseus cluster. Nat. Astron. 2, 292–296 (2018).
ZuHone, J. A., Markevitch, M. & Lee, D. Sloshing of the magnetized cool gas in the cores of galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 743, 16 (2011).
Ichinohe, Y., Simionescu, A., Werner, N., Fabian, A. C. & Takahashi, T. Substructures associated with the sloshing cold front in the Perseus cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 483, 1744–1753 (2019).
Bellomi, E. et al. On the origin of the ancient, large-scale cold front in the Perseus cluster of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 974, 234 (2024).
Lea, S. M. The dynamics of the intergalactic medium in the vicinity of clusters of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 203, 569–580 (1976).
Cowie, L. L. & Binney, J. Radiative regulation of gas flow within clusters of galaxies: a model for cluster X-ray sources. Astrophys. J. 215, 723–732 (1977).
Fabian, A. C. & Nulsen, P. E. J. Subsonic accretion of cooling gas in clusters of galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 180, 479–484 (1977).
Peterson, J. R. & Fabian, A. C. X-ray spectroscopy of cooling clusters. Phys. Rep. 427, 1–39 (2006).
Fabian, A. C. et al. Hidden cooling flows in clusters of galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 515, 3336–3345 (2022).
Kolmogorov, A. The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds’ numbers. Akad. Nauk SSSR Dokl. 30, 301–305 (1941).
Ishisaki, Y. et al. Status of Resolve instrument onboard X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM). Proc. SPIE 12181, 121811S (2022).
Gendron-Marsolais, M. et al. Revealing the velocity structure of the filamentary nebula in NGC 1275 in its entirety. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 479, L28–L33 (2018).
Vigneron, B. et al. High-spectral-resolution observations of the optical filamentary nebula surrounding NGC 1275. Astrophys. J. 962, 96 (2024).
ZuHone, J. A., Miller, E. D., Simionescu, A. & Bautz, M. W. Simulating Astro-H observations of sloshing gas motions in the cores of galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 821, 6 (2016).
Zhang, C. et al. Mapping the Perseus galaxy cluster with XRISM: gas kinematic features and their implications for turbulence. Astron. Astrophys. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557660 (2025).
Sanders, J. S. et al. Measuring bulk flows of the intracluster medium in the Perseus and Coma galaxy clusters using XMM-Newton. Astron. Astrophys. 633, A42 (2020).
Zhuravleva, I., Churazov, E., Kravtsov, A. & Sunyaev, R. Constraints on the ICM velocity power spectrum from the X-ray lines width and shift. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 422, 2712–2724 (2012).
Miniati, F. The Matryoshka Run. II. Time-dependent turbulence statistics, stochastic particle acceleration, and microphysics impact in a massive galaxy cluster. Astrophys. J. 800, 60 (2015).
Shi, X., Nagai, D. & Lau, E. T. Multiscale analysis of turbulence evolution in the density-stratified intracluster medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481, 1075–1082 (2018).
Heinrich, A., Chen, Y.-H., Heinz, S., Zhuravleva, I. & Churazov, E. Constraining black hole feedback in galaxy clusters from X-ray power spectra. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 505, 4646–4654 (2021).
Li, Y. et al. Direct detection of black hole-driven turbulence in the centers of galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. Lett. 889, L1 (2020).
Timmerman, R. et al. Measuring cavity powers of active galactic nuclei in clusters using a hybrid X-ray-radio method. A new window on feedback opened by subarcsecond LOFAR-VLBI observations. Astron. Astrophys. 668, A65 (2022).
Hitomi Collaboration Measurements of resonant scattering in the Perseus cluster core with Hitomi SXS. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 70, 10 (2018).
Zhuravleva, I. V., Churazov, E. M., Sazonov, S. Y., Sunyaev, R. A. & Dolag, K. Resonant scattering in galaxy clusters for anisotropic gas motions on various spatial scales. Astron. Lett. 37, 141–153 (2011).
Kang, W. et al. A deep redshift survey of the Perseus cluster (A426): spatial distribution and kinematics of galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 272, 22 (2024).
Heinrich, A. et al. Merger-driven multiscale ICM density perturbations: testing cosmological simulations and constraining plasma physics. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 528, 7274–7299 (2024).
Ota, N., Nagai, D. & Lau, E. T. Constraining hydrostatic mass bias of galaxy clusters with high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 70, 51 (2018).
Bourne, M. A. & Sijacki, D. AGN jet feedback on a moving mesh: cocoon inflation, gas flows and turbulence. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 472, 4707–4735 (2017).
Ehlert, K., Weinberger, R., Pfrommer, C. & Springel, V. Connecting turbulent velocities and magnetic fields in galaxy cluster simulations with active galactic nuclei jets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 503, 1327–1344 (2021).
Fielding, D. B. et al. First results from SMAUG: uncovering the origin of the multiphase circumgalactic medium with a comparative analysis of idealized and cosmological simulations. Astrophys. J. 903, 32 (2020).
XRISM Collaboration The XRISM first-light observation: velocity structure and thermal properties of the supernova remnant N132D. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 76, 1186–1201 (2024).
Xrism Collaboration XRISM Spectroscopy of the Fe Kα emission line in the Seyfert active galactic nucleus NGC 4151 reveals the disk, broad-line region, and torus. Astrophys. J. Lett. 973, L25 (2024).
Porter, F. S. et al. In-flight performance of the XRISM/Resolve detector system. In Proc. SPIE 13093, 130931K (2024).
Dauser, T. et al. SIXTE: a generic X-ray instrument simulation toolkit. Astron. Astrophys. 630, A66 (2019).
Hitomi Collaboration Hitomi observation of radio galaxy NGC 1275: The first X-ray microcalorimeter spectroscopy of Fe-Kα line emission from an active galactic nucleus. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 70, 13 (2018).
Reynolds, C. S. et al. Probing the circumnuclear environment of NGC 1275 with high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 507, 5613–5624 (2021).
Fukazawa, Y. et al. X-ray and GeV gamma-ray variability of the radio galaxy NGC 1275. Astrophys. J. 855, 93 (2018).
Vikhlinin, A. et al. Chandra temperature profiles for a sample of nearby relaxed galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 628, 655–672 (2005).
Arnaud, K. A. XSPEC: the first ten years. In Proc. Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 101 (eds Jacoby, G. H. & Barnes, J.) 17–20 (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1996).
Willingale, R., Starling, R. L. C., Beardmore, A. P., Tanvir, N. R. & O’Brien, P. T. Calibration of X-ray absorption in our Galaxy. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 431, 394–404 (2013).
Lodders, K., Palme, H. & Gail, H.-P. in Landolt Börnstein—Group VI Astronomy and Astrophysics 4B (Solar System) (ed. Trümper, J. E.) Ch. 4.4 (Springer, 2009).
Gilfanov, M. R., Syunyaev, R. A. & Churazov, E. M. Radial brightness profiles of resonance X-ray lines in galaxy clusters. Sov. Astron. Lett. 13, 3 (1987).
Kilbourne, C. A. et al. In-flight calibration of Hitomi Soft X-ray Spectrometer. (1) Background. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 70, 18 (2018).
Tang, X. & Churazov, E. Sound wave generation by a spherically symmetric outburst and AGN feedback in galaxy clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468, 3516–3532 (2017).
Sutherland, R. S. & Dopita, M. A. Cooling functions for low-density astrophysical plasmas. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 88, 253 (1993).
Sreenivasan, K. R. On the universality of the Kolmogorov constant. Phys. Fluids 7, 2778–2784 (1995).
Kaneda, Y., Ishihara, T., Yokokawa, M., Itakura, K. & Uno, A. Energy dissipation rate and energy spectrum in high resolution direct numerical simulations of turbulence in a periodic box. Phys. Fluids 15, L21–L24 (2003).
Fryxell, B. et al. FLASH: an adaptive mesh hydrodynamics code for modeling astrophysical thermonuclear flashes. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 131, 273–334 (2000).
Eswaran, V. & Pope, S. B. An examination of forcing in direct numerical simulations of turbulence. Comput. Fluids 16, 257–278 (1988).
Schmidt, W., Hillebrandt, W. & Niemeyer, J. C. Numerical dissipation and the bottleneck effect in simulations of compressible isotropic turbulence. Comput. Fluids 35, 353–371 (2006).
Federrath, C., Roman-Duval, J., Klessen, R. S., Schmidt, W. & Mac Low, M. M. Comparing the statistics of interstellar turbulence in simulations and observations: solenoidal versus compressive turbulence forcing. Astron. Astrophys. 512, A81 (2010).
Porter, D. H., Jones, T. W. & Ryu, D. Vorticity, shocks, and magnetic fields in subsonic, ICM-like turbulence. Astrophys. J. 810, 93 (2015).
Brethouwer, G., Billant, P., Lindborg, E. & Chomaz, J. M. Scaling analysis and simulation of strongly stratified turbulent flows. J. Fluid Mech. 585, 343 (2007).
Shi, X. & Zhang, C. Turbulence decay in the density-stratified intracluster medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 487, 1072–1081 (2019).
Mohapatra, R., Federrath, C. & Sharma, P. Turbulent density and pressure fluctuations in the stratified intracluster medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 500, 5072–5087 (2021).
Bellomi, E. et al. Disentangling AGN Feedback and Sloshing in the Perseus Cluster with XRISM: Insights from Simulations. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12754 (2026).
Springel, V. E pur si muove: Galilean-invariant cosmological hydrodynamical simulations on a moving mesh. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 401, 791–851 (2010).
Weinberger, R., Springel, V. & Pakmor, R. The AREPO public code release. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 248, 32 (2020).
Weinberger, R., Ehlert, K., Pfrommer, C., Pakmor, R. & Springel, V. Simulating the interaction of jets with the intracluster medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 470, 4530–4546 (2017).
ZuHone, J. A., Markevitch, M., Weinberger, R., Nulsen, P. & Ehlert, K. How merger-driven gas motions in galaxy clusters can turn AGN bubbles into radio relics. Astrophys. J. 914, 73 (2021).
Vogelsberger, M. et al. A model for cosmological simulations of galaxy formation physics. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 436, 3031–3067 (2013).
Sanders, J. S. & Fabian, A. C. A deeper X-ray study of the core of the Perseus galaxy cluster: the power of sound waves and the distribution of metals and cosmic rays. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 381, 1381–1399 (2007).
Fabian, A. C. et al. Do sound waves transport the AGN energy in the Perseus cluster? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 464, L1–L5 (2017).

