Saturday, March 7, 2026
No menu items!
HomeNatureBulk hexagonal diamond | Nature

Bulk hexagonal diamond | Nature

  • Ergun, S. & Alexander, L. E. Crystalline forms of carbon: a possible hexagonal polymorph of diamond. Nature 195, 765–767 (1962).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bundy, F. P. & Kasper, J. S. Hexagonal diamond—a new form of carbon. J. Chem. Phys. 46, 3437–3446 (1967).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Frondel, C. & Marvin, U. B. Lonsdaleite, a hexagonal polymorph of diamond. Nature 214, 587–589 (1967).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hanneman, R. E., Strong, H. M. & Bundy, F. P. Hexagonal diamonds in meteorites: implications. Science 155, 995–997 (1967).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pan, Z., Sun, H., Zhang, Y. & Chen, C. Harder than diamond: superior indentation strength of wurtzite BN and lonsdaleite. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 055503 (2009).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Qingkun, L., Yi, S., Zhiyuan, L. & Yu, Z. Lonsdaleite – a material stronger and stiffer than diamond. Scr. Mater. 65, 229–232 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Israde-Alcántara, I. et al. Evidence from central Mexico supporting the Younger Dryas extraterrestrial impact hypothesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, E738–E747 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tomkins, A. G. et al. Sequential lonsdaleite to diamond formation in ureilite meteorites via in situ chemical fluid/vapor deposition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2208814119 (2022).

    Article 
    MathSciNet 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Endo, S., Idani, N., Oshima, R., Takano, K. J. & Wakatsuki, M. X-ray diffraction and transmission-electron microscopy of natural polycrystalline graphite recovered from high pressure. Phys. Rev. B 49, 22–27 (1994).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Isobe, F., Ohfuji, H., Sumiya, H. & Irifune, T. Nanolayered diamond sintered compact obtained by direct conversion from highly oriented graphite under high pressure and high temperature. J. Nanomater. 2013, 380165 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Guillou, C. L., Brunet, F., Irifune, T., Ohfuji, H. & Rouzaud, J.-N. Nanodiamond nucleation below 2273 K at 15 GPa from carbons with different structural organizations. Carbon 45, 636–648 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shiell, T. B. et al. Nanocrystalline hexagonal diamond formed from glassy carbon. Sci. Rep. 6, 37232 (2016).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McCulloch, D. G. et al. Investigation of room temperature formation of the ultra-hard nanocarbons diamond and lonsdaleite. Small 16, 2004695 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Erskine, D. J. & Nellis, W. J. Shock-induced martensitic phase transformation of oriented graphite to diamond. Nature 349, 317–319 (1991).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kurdyumov, A. V., Britun, V. F., Yarosh, V. V., Danilenko, A. I. & Zelyavskii, V. B. The influence of the shock compression conditions on the graphite transformations into lonsdaleite and diamond. J. Superhard Mater. 34, 19–27 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kraus, D. et al. Nanosecond formation of diamond and lonsdaleite by shock compression of graphite. Nat. Commun. 7, 10970 (2016).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Turneaure, S. J., Sharma, S. M., Volz, T. J., Winey, J. M. & Gupta, Y. M. Transformation of shock-compressed graphite to hexagonal diamond in nanoseconds. Sci. Adv. 3, eaao3561 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Armstrong, M. R. et al. Highly ordered graphite (HOPG) to hexagonal diamond (lonsdaleite) phase transition observed on picosecond time scales using ultrafast x-ray diffraction. J. Appl. Phys. 132, 055901 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Németh, P. et al. Lonsdaleite is faulted and twinned cubic diamond and does not exist as a discrete material. Nat. Commun. 5, 5447 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nakamuta, Y. & Toh, S. Transformation of graphite to lonsdaleite and diamond in the Goalpara ureilite directly observed by TEM. Am. Mineral. 98, 574–581 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Németh, P. & Garvie, L. A. J. Questionable lonsdaleite identification in ureilite meteorites. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2304890120 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Németh, P. et al. Complex nanostructures in diamond. Nat. Mater. 19, 1126–1131 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Németh, P. et al. Shock-formed carbon materials with intergrown sp3– and sp2-bonded nanostructured units. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2203672119 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yang, X. et al. Centimeter-sized diamond composites with high electrical conductivity and hardness. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2316580121 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Salzmann, C. G., Murray, B. J. & Shephard, J. J. Extent of stacking disorder in diamond. Diam. Relat. Mater. 59, 69–72 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Irifune, T. et al. Formation of pure polycrystalline diamond by direct conversion of graphite at high pressure and high temperature. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 143–144, 593–600 (2004).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bundy, F. P. et al. The pressure-temperature phase and transformation diagram for carbon; updated through 1994. Carbon 34, 141–153 (1996).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Niwase, K. et al. Quenchable compressed graphite synthesized from neutron-irradiated highly oriented pyrolytic graphite in high pressure treatment at 1500 °C. J. Appl. Phys. 123, 161577 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Luo, K. et al. Coherent interfaces govern direct transformation from graphite to diamond. Nature 607, 486–491 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sumiya, H., Irifune, T., Kurio, A., Sakamoto, S. & Inoue, T. Microstructure features of polycrystalline diamond synthesized directly from graphite under static high pressure. J. Mater. Sci. 39, 445–450 (2004).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sumiya, H., Yusa, H., Inoue, T., Ofuji, H. & Irifune, T. Conditions and mechanism of formation of nano-polycrystalline diamonds on direct transformation from graphite and non-graphitic carbon at high pressure and temperature. High Press. Res. 26, 63–69 (2006).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Honda, S. et al. In situ observation of transformation of neutron-irradiated highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) by X-ray diffraction under high-pressure and high-temperature treatment. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 60, 095002 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fan, Z. et al. GPUMD: a package for constructing accurate machine-learned potentials and performing highly efficient atomistic simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 157, 114801 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shi, J. et al. Double-shock compression pathways from diamond to BC8 carbon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 146101 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pan, S. et al. Shock compression pathways to pyrite silica from machine learning simulations. Phys. Rev. B 110, 224101 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Feng, X. et al. Nanosecond structural evolution in shocked coesite. Sci. Adv. 11, eads3139 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Khaliullin, R. Z., Eshet, H., Kühne, T. D., Behler, J. & Parrinello, M. Nucleation mechanism for the direct graphite-to-diamond phase transition. Nat. Mater. 10, 693–697 (2011).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Luo, D. et al. Atomistic evidence of nucleation mechanism for the direct graphite-to-diamond transformation. Carbon 229, 119538 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xie, Y.-P., Zhang, X.-J. & Liu, Z.-P. Graphite to diamond: origin for kinetics selectivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 2545–2548 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xie, H., Yin, F., Yu, T., Wang, J.-T. & Liang, C. Mechanism for direct graphite-to-diamond phase transition. Sci. Rep. 4, 5930 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen, G.-W. et al. The transformation mechanism of graphite to hexagonal diamond under shock conditions. JACS Au 4, 3413–3420 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Volz, T. J. & Gupta, Y. M. Elastic moduli of hexagonal diamond and cubic diamond formed under shock compression. Phys. Rev. B 103, L100101 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yan, C. et al. Ultrahard diamond single crystals from chemical vapor deposition. Phys. Status Solidi A 201, R25–R27 (2004).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Huang, Q. et al. Nanotwinned diamond with unprecedented hardness and stability. Nature 510, 250–253 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Teter, D. M. Computational alchemy: the Search for new superhard materials. MRS Bull. 23, 22–27 (1998).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shang, Y. et al. Ultrahard bulk amorphous carbon from collapsed fullerene. Nature 599, 599–604 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sun, Q. & Alam, M. Relative oxidation behavior of chemical vapor deposited and type II a natural diamonds. J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, 933 (1992).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rowe, P., Deringer, V. L., Gasparotto, P., Csányi, G. & Michaelides, A. An accurate and transferable machine learning potential for carbon. J. Chem. Phys. 153, 034702 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kresse, G. & Furthmüller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169–11186 (1996).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Blochl, P. E. Projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 50, 17953–17979 (1994).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sun, J., Ruzsinszky, A. & Perdew, J. P. Strongly constrained and appropriately normed semilocal density functional. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 036402 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peng, H., Yang, Z.-H., Perdew, J. P. & Sun, J. Versatile van der Waals density functional based on a meta-generalized gradient approximation. Phys. Rev. X 6, 041005 (2016).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Stukowski, A. Visualization and analysis of atomistic simulation data with OVITO–the Open Visualization Tool. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 18, 015012 (2010).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Momma, K. & Izumi, F. VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 44, 1272–1276 (2011).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • RELATED ARTICLES

    Most Popular

    Recent Comments