Gong, C. et al. Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals. Nature 546, 265–269 (2017).
Chen, Y. et al. Twist-assisted all-antiferromagnetic tunnel junction in the atomic limit. Nature 632, 1045–1051 (2024).
Naguib, M. et al. Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2. Adv. Mater. 23, 4248–4253 (2011).
VahidMohammadi, A., Rosen, J. & Gogotsi, Y. The world of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides (MXenes). Science 372, eabf1581 (2021).
Zhou, J., Dahlqvist, M., Björk, J. & Rosen, J. Atomic scale design of MXenes and their parent materials-from theoretical and experimental perspectives. Chem. Rev. 123, 13291–13322 (2023).
Li, L., Ding, Y.-S. & Zheng, Z. Lanthanide-based molecular magnetic semiconductors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63, e202410019 (2024).
Ding, Y.-S. et al. Atomically precise semiconductor clusters of rare-earth tellurides. Nat. Synth. 3, 655–661 (2024).
Yang, J. et al. Structural, magnetic properties of in-plane chemically ordered (Mo2/3R1/3)2AlC (R = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Y) MAX phase and enhanced capacitance of Mo1.33C MXene derivatives. Carbon 179, 104–110 (2021).
Kamysbayev, V. et al. Covalent surface modifications and superconductivity of two-dimensional metal carbide MXenes. Science 369, 979–983 (2020).
Zhou, C. et al. Hybrid organic-inorganic two-dimensional metal carbide MXenes with amido- and imido-terminated surfaces. Nat. Chem. 15, 1722–1729 (2023).
Ding, H. et al. Chemical scissor-mediated structural editing of layered transition metal carbides. Science 379, 1130–1135 (2023).
Kumar, H. et al. Tunable magnetism and transport properties in nitride MXenes. ACS Nano 11, 7648–7655 (2017).
Hart, J. L. et al. Control of MXenes’ electronic properties through termination and intercalation. Nat. Commun. 10, 522 (2019).
Khazaei, M. et al. Novel electronic and magnetic properties of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 2185–2192 (2013).
Hantanasirisakul, K. et al. Evidence of a magnetic transition in atomically thin Cr2TiC2Tx MXene. Nanoscale Horiz 5, 1557–1565 (2020).
Hassan, T. et al. Semiconducting properties of delaminated titanium nitride Ti4N3Tx MXene with gate-tunable electrical conductivity. ACS Nano 18, 23477–23488 (2024).
Stavrou, M. et al. Emerging Ta4C3 and Mo2Ti2C3 MXene nanosheets for ultrafast photonics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 13, 2403277 (2025).
Ghidiu, M., Lukatskaya, M. R., Zhao, M.-Q., Gogotsi, Y. & Barsoum, M. W. Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance. Nature 516, 78–81 (2014).
Li, Y. et al. A general Lewis acidic etching route for preparing MXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolyte. Nat. Mater. 19, 894–899 (2020).
Wang, D. et al. Direct synthesis and chemical vapor deposition of 2D carbide and nitride MXenes. Science 379, 1242–1247 (2023).
Xiang, M. et al. Gas-phase synthesis of Ti2CCl2 enables an efficient catalyst for lithium-sulfur batteries. Innovation 5, 100540 (2024).
Hwu, S. J., Ziebarth, R. P., Von Winbush, S., Ford, J. E. & Corbett, J. D. Synthesis and structure of double-metal-layered scandium, yttrium, and zirconium chloride carbides and nitrides, M2Cl2C and M2Cl2N. Inorg. Chem. 25, 283–287 (1986).
Mattausch, H., Eger, R. & Simon, A. Das erste Gadoliniumcarbidfluorid: Gd2CF2. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 597, 145–150 (1991).
Cockcroft, J. K., Kremer, R. K., Mattausch, H., Raju, N. P. & Simon, A. Structure and magnetic ordering of holmium carbide fluoride, Ho2CF2. J. Alloy. Compd. 183, 241–251 (1992).
Druffel, D. L. et al. Synthesis and electronic structure of a 3D crystalline stack of MXene-like sheets. Chem. Mater. 31, 9788–9796 (2019).
Simon, A., Mattausch, H. & Holzer, N. Monochloride von Lanthanoiden: GdCl und TbCl. Angew. Chem. 88, 685–686 (1976).
Araujo, R. E. & Corbett, J. D. Lanthanum monochloride and lanthanum sesquichloride. Inorg. Chem. 20, 3082–3086 (1981).
Song, H. Y. et al. Van der Waals electride: toward intrinsic two-dimensional ferromagnetism of spin-polarized anionic electrons. Mater. Today Phys. 20, 100473 (2021).
Zhang, T. et al. Delamination of chlorine-terminated MXene produced using molten salt etching. Chem. Mater. 36, 1998–2006 (2024).
Schurz, C. M. & Schleid, T. Chains of trans-edge connected [ZM4] tetrahedra (Z = N and O) in the lanthanide nitride chlorides M2NCl3 and Na2M4ONCl9 (M = La–Nd). J. Alloy. Compd. 485, 110–118 (2009).
Buenzli, J. C. G., Metabanzoulou, J. P., Froidevaux, P. & Jin, L. FT-IR and fluorometric investigation of rare earth and metal ion solvation. 9. Evidence for a coordination number change along the lanthanide series: FT-IR investigation of the solvates [Ln(NO3)3(DMSO)n] in anhydrous acetonitrile. Inorg. Chem. 29, 3875–3881 (1990).
Mattausch, H., Schaloske, M. C., Hoch, C., Zheng, C. & Simon, A. Seltenerdhalogenide Ln4X5Z. Teil 1: C und/oder C2 in Ln4X5Z. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 634, 491–497 (2008).
Zheng, C., Oeckler, O., Mattausch, H. & Simon, A. La3X3Z – Compounds with condensed La6Z octahedra helically connected in three dimensions. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 627, 2151–2162 (2001).
Hasan, M. Z., Haque, M. H., Ali, M. A., Hossain, M. M. & Uddin, M. M. Structural, optical, and photocatalytic efficacy of Ti3C2 and M2C (M = Ti, V, Cr, Nb) MXene materials synthesized by etching technique. AIP Adv. 15, 035334 (2025).
Klein, J. et al. Limitations of the Tauc plot method. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2304523 (2023).
Hughes, I. D. et al. Lanthanide contraction and magnetism in the heavy rare earth elements. Nature 446, 650–653 (2007).
Huang, B. et al. Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit. Nature 546, 270–273 (2017).
Liang, J., Cui, Q. & Yang, H. Electrically switchable Rashba-type Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and skyrmion in two-dimensional magnetoelectric multiferroics. Phys. Rev. B 102, 220409 (2020).
Sandratskii, L. M. Symmetry analysis of electronic states for crystals with spiral magnetic order. I. General properties. J. Phys. Condes. Matter 3, 8565 (1991).
Bader, R. F. W. Atoms in Molecules: A Quantum Theory (Oxford Univ. Press, 1990).
Dollase, W. A. Correction of intensities for preferred orientation in powder diffractometry: application of the March model. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 19, 267–272 (1986).

