Ocko, I. B. et al. Acting rapidly to deploy readily available methane mitigation measures by sector can immediately slow global warming. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 054042 (2021).
EDGAR — The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research Community GHG Database v.8.0 (European Commission, 2018).
Jacob, D. J. et al. Quantifying methane emissions from the global scale down to point sources using satellite observations of atmospheric methane. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 22, 9617–9646 (2022).
Schuit, B. J. et al. Automated detection and monitoring of methane super-emitters using satellite data. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 23, 9071–9098 (2023).
Maasakkers, J. D. et al. Using satellites to uncover large methane emissions from landfills. Sci. Adv. 8, eabn9683 (2022).
Chen, D. M.-C., Bodirsky, B. L., Krueger, T., Mishra, A. & Popp, A. The world’s growing municipal solid waste: trends and impacts. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 074021 (2020).
Kaza, S., Yao, L. C., Bhada-Tata, P. & Woerden, F. V. What a Waste 2.0 (The World Bank Group, 2018).
Canadell, J. G. et al. in Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 673–816 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).
Allan, R. P. et al. in Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 3–32 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).
Allen, M. R. et al. in Global Warming of 1.5 °C (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 3–24 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2018).
Höglund-Isaksson, L., Gómez-Sanabria, A., Klimont, Z., Rafaj, P. & Schöpp, W. Technical potentials and costs for reducing global anthropogenic methane emissions in the 2050 timeframe–results from the GAINS model. Environ. Res. Commun. 2, 025004 (2020).
Höglund-Isaksson, L. et al. Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the EU-28 from 2005 to 2070: GAINS Model Methodology https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/16977/ (IIASA, 2018).
GHG Data from UNFCCC (UNFCCC, 2023).
Scharff, H. & Jacobs, J. Applying guidance for methane emission estimation for landfills. Waste Manag. 26, 417–429 (2006).
Amini, H. R., Reinhart, D. R. & Mackie, K. R. Determination of first-order landfill gas modeling parameters and uncertainties. Waste Manag. 32, 305–316 (2012).
Wang, Y. et al. Methane emissions from landfills differentially underestimated worldwide. Nat. Sustain. 7, 496–507 (2024).
Nanda, S. & Berruti, F. Municipal solid waste management and landfilling technologies: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 19, 1433–1456 (2021).
Mønster, J., Kjeldsen, P. & Scheutz, C. Methodologies for measuring fugitive methane emissions from landfills—a review. Waste Manag. 87, 835–859 (2019).
Nisbet, E. G. et al. Methane mitigation: methods to reduce emissions, on the path to the Paris Agreement. Rev. Geophys. 58, e2019RG000675 (2020).
Varon, D. J. et al. Quantifying methane point sources from fine-scale satellite observations of atmospheric methane plumes. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 11, 5673–5686 (2018).
Irakulis-Loitxate, I., Guanter, L., Maasakkers, J. D., Zavala-Araiza, D. & Aben, I. Satellites detect abatable super-emissions in one of the world’s largest methane hotspot regions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 2143–2152 (2022).
Guanter, L. et al. Mapping methane point emissions with the PRISMA spaceborne imaging spectrometer. Remote Sens. Environ. 265, 112671 (2021).
Roger, J. et al. High-resolution methane mapping with the EnMAP satellite imaging spectroscopy mission. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 62, 1–12 (2024).
Thorpe, A. K. et al. Attribution of individual methane and carbon dioxide emission sources using EMIT observations from space. Sci. Adv. 9, eadh2391 (2023).
Sherwin, E. D. et al. Single-blind validation of space-based point-source detection and quantification of onshore methane emissions. Sci. Rep. 13, 3836 (2023).
Varon, D. J. et al. Satellite discovery of anomalously large methane point sources from oil/gas production. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 13507–13516 (2019).
Varon, D. J., Jacob, D. J., Jervis, D. & McKeever, J. Quantifying time-averaged methane emissions from individual coal mine vents with GHGSat-D satellite observations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 54, 10246–10253 (2020).
MacLean, J.-P. W. et al. Offshore methane detection and quantification from space using sun glint measurements with the GHGSat constellation. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 17, 863–874 (2024).
Pandey, S. et al. Satellite observations reveal extreme methane leakage from a natural gas well blowout. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 26376–26381 (2019).
Lauvaux, T. et al. Global assessment of oil and gas methane ultra-emitters. Science 375, 557–561 (2022).
Sadavarte, P. et al. Methane emissions from superemitting coal mines in Australia quantified using TROPOMI satellite observations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 16573–16580 (2021).
Tu, Q. et al. Quantifying CH4 emissions in hard coal mines from TROPOMI and IASI observations using the wind-assigned anomaly method. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 22, 9747–9765 (2022).
Tu, Q. et al. Quantification of CH4 emissions from waste disposal sites near the city of Madrid using ground- and space-based observations of COCCON, TROPOMI and IASI. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 22, 295–317 (2022).
Lorente, A., Borsdorff, T., Martinez-Velarte, M. C. & Landgraf, J. Accounting for surface reflectance spectral features in TROPOMI methane retrievals. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 16, 1597–1608 (2023).
Hopkins, F. M. et al. Mitigation of methane emissions in cities: how new measurements and partnerships can contribute to emissions reduction strategies. Earths Future 4, 408–425 (2016).
Young, A. Volumetric changes in landfill gas flux in response to variations in atmospheric pressure. Waste Manag. Res. 8, 379–385 (1990).
Xu, L., Lin, X., Amen, J., Welding, K. & McDermitt, D. Impact of changes in barometric pressure on landfill methane emission. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 28, 679–695 (2014).
Kissas, K., Ibrom, A., Kjeldsen, P. & Scheutz, C. Annual upscaling of methane emission field measurements from two Danish landfills, using empirical emission models. Waste Manag. 150, 191–201 (2022).
Cusworth, D. H. et al. Quantifying methane emissions from United States landfills. Science 383, 1499–1504 (2024).
Climate TRACE Emissions Inventory Tracking Real-time Atmospheric Carbon Emissions (Climate TRACE, 2023).
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2023).
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP)—Facility Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Data (Government of Canada, 2023).
European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) (European Environment Agency, 2024).
Stark, B. M., Tian, K. & Krause, M. J. Investigation of U.S. landfill GHG reporting program methane emission models. Waste Manag. 186, 86–93 (2024).
Kumar, P. et al. Detection and long-term quantification of methane emissions from an active landfill. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 17, 1229–1250 (2024).
Scarpelli, T. R. et al. Investigating major sources of methane emissions at US landfills. Environ. Sci. Technol. 58, 21545–21556 (2024).
Nesser, H. et al. High-resolution US methane emissions inferred from an inversion of 2019 TROPOMI satellite data: contributions from individual states, urban areas, and landfills. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 24, 5069–5091 (2024).
Hersbach, H. et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146, 1999–2049 (2020).
Gorelick, N. et al. Google Earth Engine: planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sens. Environ. 202, 18–27 (2017).
Harmonized Sentinel-2 MSI: MultiSpectral Instrument, Level-2A (SR) (European Union, 2025).
Veefkind, J. P. et al. TROPOMI on the ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor: a GMES mission for global observations of the atmospheric composition for climate, air quality and ozone layer applications. Remote Sens. Environ. 120, 70–83 (2012).
Jervis, D. et al. The GHGSat-D imaging spectrometer. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 14, 2127–2140 (2021).
Ramier, A. et al. High resolution methane detection with the GHGSat constellation. In Proc. IAF Global Space Conference on Climate Change (GLOC, 2023).
Molod, A. et al. The GEOS-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model: Mean Climate and Development from MERRA to Fortuna https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20120011790 (NASA, 2012).
Sherwin, E. D. et al. Single-blind test of nine methane-sensing satellite systems from three continents. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 17, 765–782 (2024).
Maasakkers, J. D. et al. EDAP+TN on GHGSat Validation https://earth.esa.int/documents/d/earth-online/technical-note-on-ghgsat-validation-pdf (European Space Agency, 2023).
Livingston, D. C. Colorimetric analysis of the NTSC color television system. Proc. IRE 42, 138–150 (1954).
Wang, Z., Bovik, A. C., Sheikh, H. R. & Simoncelli, E. P. Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13, 600–612 (2004).
Wang, Z. & Bovik, A. C. Mean squared error: love it or leave it? A new look at Signal Fidelity Measures. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 26, 98–117 (2009).
Dogniaux, M. et al. GHGSat plume dataset for article Global satellite survey reveals uncertainty in landfill methane emissions. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16641834 (2025).

