de Wit, W. J., Testi, L., Palla, F. & Zinnecker, H. The origin of massive O-type field stars. II. Field O stars as runaways. Astron. Astrophys. 437, 247â255 (2005).
Fujii, M. S. & Portegies Zwart, S. The origin of OB runaway stars. Science 334, 1380â1383 (2011).
Gaia Collaboration. The Gaia mission. Astron. Astrophys. 595, A1 (2016).
Gaia Collaboration. Gaia Early Data Release 3. Summary of the contents and survey properties. Astron. Astrophys. 649, A1 (2021).
Gaia Collaboration et al. Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties. Astron. Astrophys. 674, A1 (2023).
Banerjee, S., Kroupa, P. & Oh, S. Runaway massive stars from R136: VFTS 682 is very likely a âslow runawayâ. Astrophys. J. 746, 15 (2012).
Oh, S., Kroupa, P. & Pflamm-Altenburg, J. Dependency of dynamical ejections of O stars on the masses of very young star clusters. Astrophys. J. 805, 92 (2015).
Andersson, E. P., Agertz, O. & Renaud, F. How runaway stars boost galactic outflows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 494, 3328â3341 (2020).
Steinwandel, U. P., Bryan, G. L., Somerville, R. S., Hayward, C. C. & Burkhart, B. On the impact of runaway stars on dwarf galaxies with resolved interstellar medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 526, 1408â1427 (2023).
Schneider, F. R. N. et al. An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst. Science 359, 69â71 (2018).
Evans, C. J. et al. A massive runaway star from 30 Doradus. Astrophys. J. Lett. 715, 74â79 (2010).
Lennon, D. J. et al. Gaia DR2 reveals a very massive runaway star ejected from R136. Astron. Astrophys. 619, A78 (2018).
Sana, H. et al. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula survey. Observational evidence for two distinct populations of massive runaway stars in 30 Doradus. Astron. Astrophys. 668, L5 (2022).
Oh, S. & Kroupa, P. Dynamical ejections of massive stars from young star clusters under diverse initial conditions. Astron. Astrophys. 590, A107 (2016).
MaÃz Apellániz, J., Pantaleoni González, M., Barbá, R. H. & Weiler, M. Escape from the Bermuda cluster: orphanization by multiple stellar ejections. Astron. Astrophys. 657, A72 (2022).
Stoop, M. et al. The early evolution of young massive clusters. II. The kinematic history of NGC 6618/M 17. Astron. Astrophys. 681, A21 (2024).
Brands, S. A. et al. The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. III. The most massive stars and their clumped winds. Astron. Astrophys. 663, A36 (2022).
Crowther, P. A. et al. The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150âMsolar stellar mass limit. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 408, 731â751 (2010).
Bestenlehner, J. M. et al. The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 499, 1918â1936 (2020).
Sabbi, E. et al. A double cluster at the core of 30 Doradus. Astrophys. J. Lett. 754, L37 (2012).
Bestenlehner, J. M. et al. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula survey. XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence. Astron. Astrophys. 570, A38 (2014).
Crowther, P. A. et al. The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of He ii λ1640 in young star clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 458, 624â659 (2016).
RamÃrez-Tannus, M. C. et al. A relation between the radial velocity dispersion of young clusters and their age. Evidence for hardening as the formation scenario of massive close binaries. Astron. Astrophys. 645, L10 (2021).
Salpeter, E. E. The luminosity function and stellar evolution. Astrophys. J. 121, 161 (1955).
Doran, E. I. et al. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula survey. XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus. Astron. Astrophys. 558, A134 (2013).
Barkana, R. & Loeb, A. In the beginning: the first sources of light and the reionization of the Universe. Phys. Rep. 349, 125â238 (2001).
Wise, J. H. & Cen, R. Ionizing photon escape fractions from high-redshift dwarf galaxies. Astrophys. J. 693, 984â999 (2009).
Atek, H. et al. Most of the photons that reionized the Universe came from dwarf galaxies. Nature 626, 975â978 (2024).
Razoumov, A. O. & Sommer-Larsen, J. Modeling Lyman continuum emission from young galaxies. Astrophys. J. 668, 674â681 (2007).
Conroy, C. & Kratter, K. M. Runaway stars and the escape of ionizing radiation from high-redshift galaxies. Astrophys. J. 755, 123 (2012).
PietrzyÅski, G. et al. A distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud that is precise to one per cent. Nature 567, 200â203 (2019).
Lindegren, L. et al. Gaia Early Data Release 3. Parallax bias versus magnitude, colour, and position. Astron. Astrophys. 649, A4 (2021).
Lindegren, L. Re-normalising the astrometric chi-square in Gaia DR2. Report No. GAIA-C3-TN-LU-LL-124 (Gaia Collaboration, Semantic Scholar, 2018).
Pecaut, M. J. & Mamajek, E. E. Intrinsic colors, temperatures, and bolometric corrections of pre-main-sequence stars. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 208, 9 (2013).
Hénault-Brunet, V. et al. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula survey. VII. A low velocity dispersion for the young massive cluster R136. Astron. Astrophys. 546, A73 (2012).
Portegies Zwart, S. F., McMillan, S. L. W. & Gieles, M. Young massive star clusters. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 48, 431â493 (2010).
Skrutskie, M. F. et al. The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). Astron. J. 131, 1163â1183 (2006).
Bestenlehner, J. M. et al. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. III. A very massive star in apparent isolation from the massive cluster R136. Astron. Astrophys. 530, L14 (2011).
Renzo, M. et al. Space astrometry of the very massive ~150âMâ candidate runaway star VFTS682. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 482, 102â106 (2019).
Brands, S. A. et al. Extinction towards the cluster R136 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. An extinction law from the near-infrared to the ultraviolet. Astron. Astrophys. 673, A132 (2023).
Tehrani, K. A. et al. Weighing Melnick 34: the most massive binary system known. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 484, 2692â2710 (2019).
Schnurr, O., Moffat, A. F. J., St-Louis, N., Morrell, N. I. & Guerrero, M. A. A spectroscopic survey of WNL stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud: general properties and binary status. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 389, 806â828 (2008).
Shenar, T. et al. The WolfâRayet binaries of the nitrogen sequence in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Spectroscopy, orbital analysis, formation, and evolution. Astron. Astrophys. 627, A151 (2019).
Castro, N. et al. Mapping the core of the Tarantula nebula with VLT-MUSE. I. Spectral and nebular content around R136. Astron. Astrophys. 614, A147 (2018).
Sana, H. et al. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula survey. VIII. Multiplicity properties of the O-type star population. Astron. Astrophys. 550, A107 (2013).
Mahy, L. et al. The Tarantula massive binary monitoring. III. Atmosphere analysis of double-lined spectroscopic systems. Astron. Astrophys. 634, A118 (2020).
Shenar, T. et al. The Tarantula massive binary monitoring. V. R 144: a wind-eclipsing binary with a total mass â³140âMâ. Astron. Astrophys. 650, A147 (2021).
SabÃn-Sanjulián, C. et al. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula survey. XXVI. Properties of the O-dwarf population in 30 Doradus. Astron. Astrophys. 601, A79 (2017).
McEvoy, C. M. et al. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XIX. B-type supergiants: atmospheric parameters and nitrogen abundances to investigate the role of binarity and the width of the main sequence. Astron. Astrophys. 575, A70 (2015).
Evans, C. J., van Loon, J. T., Hainich, R. & Bailey, M. 2dF-AAOmega spectroscopy of massive stars in the Magellanic Clouds. The north-eastern region of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Astron. Astrophys. 584, A5 (2015).
Walborn, N. R., Lennon, D. J., Haser, S. M., Kudritzki, R.-P. & Voels, S. A. The physics of massive OB stars in different parent galaxies. I. Ultraviolet and optical spectral morphology in the Magellanic Clouds. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 107, 104 (1995).
Walborn, N. R. et al. A CNO dichotomy among O2 giant spectra in the Magellanic Clouds. Astrophys. J. 608, 1028â1038 (2004).
Carretero-Castrillo, M., Ribó, M. & Paredes, J. M. Galactic runaway O and Be stars found using Gaia DR3. Astron. Astrophys. 679, A109 (2023).
Stoop, M. et al. Reproduction package for the paper âTwo waves of massive stars running away from the young cluster R136â. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10058762 (2024).
